60-GHz Power Amplifier in 45-nm SOI-CMOS Using Stacked Transformer-Based Parallel Power Combiner
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This letter presents the design of a 60-GHz power amplifier (PA) using a new stacked transformer (STF)-based parallel combiner. It begins by highlighting the main limitation of the conventional millimeter-wave (mm-wave) transformer-based parallel combiners, namely, the output parasitic transmission lines. Then, a new STF parallel combiner based on three overlaying coils is proposed. Analyses revealed significant enhancements in terms of self-inductance, quality factors, and coupling factors, which lead to enhanced combining efficiency in the proposed combiner. Subsequently, a two-stage mm-wave PA is implemented in 45-nm silicon-on-insulator CMOS technology. The fabricated PA demonstrates a 3-dB bandwidth equal to 12.5 GHz (50-62.5 GHz). The output power at 1-dB compression/saturation (OP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1dB</sub> /P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sat</sub> ) and the corresponding power-added efficiencies are recorded as 16.2/18.5 dBm and 18.7/25.5%, respectively.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it