60-GHz Power Amplifier in 45-nm SOI-CMOS Using Stacked Transformer-Based Parallel Power Combiner
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This letter presents the design of a 60-GHz power amplifier (PA) using a new stacked transformer (STF)-based parallel combiner. It begins by highlighting the main limitation of the conventional millimeter-wave (mm-wave) transformer-based parallel combiners, namely, the output parasitic transmission lines. Then, a new STF parallel combiner based on three overlaying coils is proposed. Analyses revealed significant enhancements in terms of self-inductance, quality factors, and coupling factors, which lead to enhanced combining efficiency in the proposed combiner. Subsequently, a two-stage mm-wave PA is implemented in 45-nm silicon-on-insulator CMOS technology. The fabricated PA demonstrates a 3-dB bandwidth equal to 12.5 GHz (50-62.5 GHz). The output power at 1-dB compression/saturation (OP1dB/Psat) and the corresponding power-added efficiencies are recorded as 16.2/18.5 dBm and 18.7/25.5%, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".