State-of-Charge Estimation Using an EKF-Based Adaptive Observer
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries are used to store energy in electric vehicles. State of charge (SOC) is an important quantity of the battery cells that need to be estimated using limited measurements. In this paper, SOC estimation via an electrochemical model, a physics-based model, is considered. For lithium iron phosphate cells, a variable solid-state diffusivity model provides significantly more accuracy, but this complicates the model further. A previously obtained, simplified but still a physics-based model is used in this paper. An extended Kalman filter (KF)-based adaptive observer is designed via a low-order approximation of this electrochemical model. The predictions of the estimator are compared with the experimental data in simulations. The simulations are efficient and more accurate than a standard KF.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it