Radicalization of Faith Concept in the School of Islam: Study of Khawarij and Muktazilah
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Radicalism is an idea or school that pursues revolution or social and political reforms in a tough or drastic way. The school of khawarij and muktazilah (two groups) have marked the history of Islamic thought about the concept of faith. The coloration shown tends to represent extremes in understanding the concept of faith. In general, it makes charitable deeds or branch teachings (furu') as part of the nature of faith. That leads to them getting caught in judging faith based on it being black or white between mukmin and kafir. Therefore the perpetrators of the great sins are punished out of Islam. Not merely categorization, but they also fighting and justifying of Muslims whom they consider to have abandoned the teachings of birth or violated something prohibited on the teaching of birth.Such as of these understandings have mutated in the long history of the Muslims into the various nisbat mentions and often manipulate the religious as legitimacy for destructive radical actions. That is why this idea is quite dangerous not only at the beginning of its appearance but also in the current era to watch out for. This article has researched and analyzed the understandings of the two groups (Khawarij and Muktazilah).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".