Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter examines the history of multicultural and transnational novels in Canada. Several decades after multiculturalism was established as a political structure and defining feature of the Canadian nation, the term is no longer appropriate to designate all writing outside the former Anglo-Protestant norm without evoking a hierarchy that belies Canadian self-definition, as sanctioned by the Multiculturalism Act of 1988. Canadian literature is therefore multicultural in its national dimension while, individually, authors and novels are Canadian. The term ‘transnational’, by contrast, raises altogether different questions, as it aims to transcend the nationalist project underpinning multiculturalism. The chapter first considers Canadian multicultural novels published during the period 1950–1970, a time of nation-building, before discussing the accelerated pace at which Canadian fiction began to evolve and diversify in the 1980s. It also analyses how the rhetoric of Canadianness changed in the 1980s and 1990s, embracing transnationalism and new intersectional theories of post-national and individual indentity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.023 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".