Calculation of a lance in a protective shell for the conversion of nickel and copper matte and recommendations for its application
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The wide use of converting processes for the processing of copper, copper-nickel and nickel matte determines the relevance of searching for ways to improve the construction of converters and especially protection of refractory lining. The specific costs reducing for oxygen obtaining and high productivity of oxygen plants achieving expands the possibilities of processing raw materials and solid materials melting in the melt. In its turn it stimulates the development of melting units with long term campaigns in the conditions of aggressive environment. The lances usage in a protective shell (LPS) from the high-pressure air, inert gas (nitrogen, argon), natural gas or steam-air mixtures remains a promising direction. In Russia an implementation of this direction started in ferrous metallurgy in the middle of XX century after publication and experimental works of I. P. Bardin, S. G. Afanasev, M. M. Shumov, Z. D. Epshteyn and N. I. Mozgovoy. Abroad Guy Savard and Robert Lee (Canada) were the first who applied the lances in a protective shell. In non-ferrous metallurgy, first experiments on theoretical substantiation and practical use were carried out in the 1980s for lead, nickel and copper metallurgy. In China, at present time, processes with LPS usage have been implemented in more than 40 plants, and the specialists of this country are actively implementing this technology (SKS) in newly constructed plants. An SKS distinguishing characteristic is an application of air and nitrogen under high pressure, which allows to avoid mechanisms and devices for lances cleaning, and to use a blow enriched with oxygen. In Russia, LPS was used for the first time at the “Yuzhuralnickel” concern in the 1980s. The introduction of this equipment on 13 converters allowed stabilizing the work of the converter site, several times increasing the campaign of converters and improving the conditions for their exploitation. At the “Yuzhuralnickel” plant the LPS feature is application of air blow and a protective low pressure medium (0.06–0.12 MPa) without a cardinal and costly modification of the existing converters construction. In connection with the lack of available methods for calculating the structures and parameters of LPS, which are working with low energy parameters, and accordingly operating costs, this paper proposes a technique for LPS calculating for nickel, copper-nickel and copper conversion processes. Also this paper gives recommendations for LPS using and improvement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".