Upward Wetting Behavior of Unsaturated Xanthan Gum–Treated Sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biopolymer-soil treatment shows high potential to be used in various geotechnical engineering practices. Previous studies show appropriate performance of biopolymer on soil strength improvement and hydraulic instability reduction. In this study, the capillary conductivity of biopolymer-treated soils is investigated via laboratory testing. A mini column (3.5 cm diameter and 10 cm height) approach was used. Xanthan gum-treated soils were compacted into the columns and dried before wetting. The columns were then partially wetted from the bottom to induce upward wetting via hydrophilic adsorption and capillarity. Depending on soil types, effects of xanthan gum hydrogel concentration on capillary conductivity of soils was different. Direct water flow via capillary rise is restricted, while diffusion through hydrogels seems to become the dominant path in sand. Meanwhile, xanthan gum concentration could decide an increase or decrease in capillary conductivity within clayey soil.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".