Neural Dynamics during Resting State: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Exploration with Reduction and Visualization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The brain is a complex high‐order system. Body movements or mental activities are both dependent on the transmission of information among billions of neurons. However, potential patterns are hardly discoverable due to the high dimensionality in neural signals. Previous studies have identified rotary trajectories in rhythm and nonrhythm movements when projecting the neural electrical signals into a two‐dimensional space. However, it is unclear how well this analogy holds at the resting state. Given the low‐frequency fluctuations noted during spontaneous neural activities using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), it is natural to hypothesize that the neural response at resting state also shows a periodic trajectory. In this study, we explored the potential patterns in resting state fMRI data at four frequency bands (slow 2–slow 5) on two cohorts, one of which consisted of young and elderly adults and the other of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and normal controls (NC). The jPCA algorithm was applied to reduce the high‐dimensional BOLD signal into a two‐dimensional space for visualization of the trajectory. The results indicated that the “resting state” is a basic state showing an inherent dynamic pattern with a low frequency and long period during normal aging, with changes appearing in the rotary period at the slow 4 frequency band (0.027–0.073 Hz) during the pathological process of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These findings expand the original understanding that neural signals can rotate themselves and that motor executive signals consist of neural signals. Meanwhile, the rotary period at band slow 4 may be a physiological marker for AD, and studies of this frequency band may be useful for understanding the potential pathophysiology of AD and ultimately facilitate characterization and auxiliary diagnosis of AD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".