Novel High-Energy-Density Rechargeable Hybrid Sodium–Air Cell with Acidic Electrolyte
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Low-cost, high-energy-density, and highly efficient devices for energy storage have long been desired in our society. Herein, a novel high-energy-density hybrid sodium–air cell was fabricated successfully on the basis of acidic catholytes. Such a hybrid sodium–air cell possess a high theoretical voltage of 3.94 V, capacity of 1121 mAh g–1, and energy density of 4418 Wh kg–1. First, the buffering effect of an acidic solution was demonstrated, which provides relatively long and stable cell discharge behaviors. Second, the catholytes of hybrid sodium–air cells were optimized systematically from the solutions of 0.1 M H3PO4 + 0.1 M Na2SO4 to 0.1 M HAc + 0.1 M NaAc and it was found that the cells with 0.1 M H3PO4 + 0.1 M Na2SO4 displayed a maximum power density of 34.9 mW cm–2. The cell with 0.1 M H3PO4 + 0.1 M Na2SO4 displayed higher discharge capacity of 896 mAh g–1. Moreover, the fabricated acidic hybrid sodium–air cells exhibited stable cycling performance in ambient air and they delivered a low voltage gap around 0.3 V when the current density is 0.13 mA cm–2, leading to a high energy efficiency up to 90%. Therefore, the present study provides new opportunities to develop highly cost-effective energy storage technologies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".