Design of Retaining Wall and Single Pile in Expansive Soils Using Unsaturated Soil Mechanics as a Tool
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For retaining walls and pile foundations constructed in expansive soil area, mechanical behaviors of both these geo-structures are significantly influenced by the lateral swelling pressure (LSP) mobilized in the infiltration process. The currently used design methods for retaining walls and pile foundations are mostly based on saturated soil mechanics. Mechanical behavior changes with respect to water content or suction change are not given due consideration. A theoretical framework is developed for determining lateral earth pressure (LEP) behind the retaining wall and uplift friction along the single pile shaft in expansive soil using unsaturated soil mechanics. An example problem is illustrated to highlight the influence of LSP on a retaining wall and a single pile, constructed in typical expansive clay from Regina, Canada. The studies presented in this paper are useful to the practitioners who routinely design geo-structures such as the retaining walls and pile foundations in expansive soils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".