Treatment of Solvent-Contaminated Water Using Vortex-Based Cavitation: Influence of Operating Pressure Drop, Temperature, Aeration, and Reactor Scale
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydrodynamic cavitation is being increasingly pursued for the development of an intensified and compact wastewater-treatment process. Experimental data on the degradation of water contaminated with three commonly used solvents (acetone; ethyl acetate, EA; and isopropyl alcohol, IPA) using vortex-based cavitation devices are presented. The influence of operating flow or pressure drop across cavitation devices (150 to 300 kPa), operating temperatures (20 to 45 °C), concentrations of pollutant (1000 to 50 000 ppm), and scales of the cavitation reactor (with a scaling-up factor of 4, maintaining the geometric similarity) has been reported. A new reaction-engineering model based on the number of passes through the cavitation device was developed to interpret degradation behavior. The model provides a convenient way to estimate the per-pass degradation factor from batch experiments and allows its extension to continuous processes and to more-sophisticated models for estimating the generation of hydroxyl radicals. The model showed excellent agreement with experimental data. The per-pass degradation factor exhibited a maxima with respect to pressure drop (200–250 kPa) across cavitation devices. Aeration was found to improve degradation performance up to 1 vvm ([L/min]gas/Lliquid]). The initial concentrations of acetone (1000 to 50 000 ppm) and IPA (1000 to 22 000 ppm) were found to have a negligible effect on degradation performance. The per-pass degradation factor for EA was 1.5 and 4 times that of acetone and IPA, respectively. The effect of two scales (nominal capacities of the small- and large-scale devices used were 0.3 and 1.2 m3/h, respectively) was investigated for the first time, and it was found that the per-pass degradation factor decreased with scale. The presented model and experimental data provide new insights into the application of hydrodynamic cavitation for wastewater treatment and provide a basis for further work on the scaling-up of hydrodynamic cavitation devices. The results will be useful to researchers as well as practicing engineers interested in harnessing hydrodynamic cavitation for water treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".