Beyond Rail-to-Rail Compliant Current Sources for Mismatch-Insensitive Voltage-to-Time Conversion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This brief presents beyond rail-to-rail (BR2R) compliant cascode current sources to markedly improve the compliance voltage and output impedance of the extensively used wide-swing cascode current source. The proposed BR2R sources employ a bootstrapping technique to linearly charge a load capacitor to beyond the supply rails$V_{\mathrm{ dd}}$or$gnd$while maintaining an improved output impedance over an equivalent wide-swing cascode source. A process and mismatch-insensitive differential voltage-to-time (DVT) converter employing these BR2R sources is fabricated in 65-nm CMOS and occupies$0.021~\text {mm}^{2}$, while dissipating$47~\mu \text{W}$at 1 V. The measured BR2R DVT signal to noise and distortion ratio is 50.2 dB, compared to 38.7 dB for the wide-swing cascode-based DVT within a 2-MHz input bandwidth. The DVT achieves a common mode rejection ratio of 35.1 dB for a 0.4–0.6-V input common-mode range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".