Beyond Rail-to-Rail Compliant Current Sources for Mismatch-Insensitive Voltage-to-Time Conversion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This brief presents beyond rail-to-rail (BR2R) compliant cascode current sources to markedly improve the compliance voltage and output impedance of the extensively used wide-swing cascode current source. The proposed BR2R sources employ a bootstrapping technique to linearly charge a load capacitor to beyond the supply rails <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\mathrm{ dd}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> or <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$gnd$ </tex-math></inline-formula> while maintaining an improved output impedance over an equivalent wide-swing cascode source. A process and mismatch-insensitive differential voltage-to-time (DVT) converter employing these BR2R sources is fabricated in 65-nm CMOS and occupies <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.021~\text {mm}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , while dissipating <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$47~\mu \text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 1 V. The measured BR2R DVT signal to noise and distortion ratio is 50.2 dB, compared to 38.7 dB for the wide-swing cascode-based DVT within a 2-MHz input bandwidth. The DVT achieves a common mode rejection ratio of 35.1 dB for a 0.4–0.6-V input common-mode range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".