Numerical study of the effect of gas-to-liquid ratio on the internal and external flows of effervescent atomizers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In an effort to capture the complex evolving interface of internal and external flow in an effervescent atomizer, a compressible Eulerian method, along with the volume-of-fluid method coupled with the large eddy simulation model, are employed in a two-phase flow system. Water is injected into the atomizer with a constant mass flow rate of 0.0133 kg/s (i.e., 800 mL/min). The mass flow rate of air is adjusted to vary the gas-to-liquid ratio (GLR) from 0.55% to 2.6%. It is observed that the increase in the GLR is accompanied by an evolution of the internal flow from a complex bubbly flow to an annular flow, which consequently reduces the liquid film thickness at the discharge orifice. Further studies on the internal pressure illustrate the critical condition, which leads to choked flow and pressure oscillations at the discharge orifice. Increasing the GLR was found to affect the internal flow, resulting in changes to primary atomization parameters such as a shortening of the breakup length and a widening of the spray cone angle. The numerical predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results under the same operating conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".