The Cost of Unfractionated and Low-Molecular Weight Heparin Therapy in the Management of Unstable Coronary Syndromes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine the direct costs involved in the administration of intravenous (IV) unfractionated heparin (UFH) compared with the projected costs of subcutaneous (SC) low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), dalteparin, in the management of acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction) from a hospital perspective. Methods: A 9-week prospective time-motion study was conducted in a 9-bed coronary care unit (CCU) of a Canadian university-affiliated hospital. Direct costs (expressed in 1998 Canadian dollars) including all drug, labour, supply and equipment costs associated with the preparation, administration, and monitoring of IV UFH were calculated. Throughout the duration of therapy, the number and types of heparin-related activities and the time spent completing these activities were self-recorded by 25 CCU nurses for 116 consecutive patients with acute coronary syndromes requiring IV UFH. The final labour cost was determined by multiplying the mean hourly nursing wage by the mean times recorded during the time-motion study. The projected costs from use of SC dalteparin for this indication were also estimated. Results: IV UFH was associated with a drug cost of $4.19 per day plus nursing time ($7.28 ± 0.32), supplies ($4.13) and laboratory monitoring ($10.09 ± 0.49) for a total daily cost of $25.68 ± 0.81. The projected cost of dalteparin SC was quite similar at $28.82 ± 0.47 per day consisting mainly of drug acquisition ($26.56 ± 0.47) with a small component for administration ($2.26). Conclusions: The administration of IV UFH for the management of acute coronary syndromes involves a number of activities and consumption of resources beyond the price of drugs alone, and overall the daily costs are similar to using a SC LMWH regimen. The decision to use a LMWH for acute coronarv syndromes therefore should be based on the further consideration of clinical outcomes rather than focusing on drug acquisition cost. RESUME Objectifs : Determiner les cout directs engages dans l’administration intraveineuse (I.V.) d’heparine non fractionnee (HNF) comparativement a ceux projetes dans l’administration sous-cutanee (S.-C.) d’heparine de faible poids moleculaire (HFPM), la dalteparine, dans le traitement des syndromes coronariens instables (angine instable ou infarctus du myocarde aigu) d’un point de vue hospitalier. Methode : Une etude prospective temps-mouvements de neuf semaines a ete menee dans une unite de soins coronariens (USC) de neuf lits d’un centre hospitalier canadien affilie a une universite. Les couts directs (exprimes en dollars canadiens de 1998) comprenant ceux de tous les medicaments, de la main d’oeuvre, des fournitures et des equipements associes a la preparation, a l’administration, et au suivi de l’administration IV HNF ont ete calcules. Pendant toute la duree du traitement, le nombre et les types d’activites liees a l’administration d’heparine et le temps passe a accomplir ces activites ont ete inscrits par 25 infirmieres de l’USC pour 116 patients consecutifs presentant des syndromes coronariens instables necessitant l’administration IV HNF. Le cout final de la main d’ouevre a ete determine en multipliant le salaire horaire moyen d’une infirmiere par les temps moyens d’une infirmiere par les temps moyens inscrits au cours de cette etude temps-mouvements. Les couts projetes de l’utilisation de la dalteparine sous-cutanee dans ces cas ont aussi ete evalues. Resultats : L’administration IV HNF a ete associee a un cout de 4,19 $ par jour pour le medicament, plus la main d’oeuvre du personnel infirmier (7,28 ± 0,32 $), les fournitures (4,13 $) et le suivi du laboratoire (10,09 ± 0,49 $), pour un total quatidien de 25,68 ± 0,81 $. Le cout projete de l’administration de la dalteparine S.-C. etait tres semblable, soit 28,82 ± 0,47 $ par jour, et consistait principalement en cout d’acquisition du medicament (26,56 ± 0,47 $) avec une faible partie pour l’administration (2,26 $). Conclusions: L’administration IV HNF dans le traitement des syndromes coronariens instables implique un certain nombre d’activites et la consommation de ressources en-deca du prix du medicament seul, et les couts globaux quotidiens sont semblables a ceux de l’utilisation du traitement S.-C. HFPM. La decision d’utiliser une HFPM pour les syndromes coronariens instables devrait par consequent etre fondee sur une evaluation plus poussee des resultats cliniques plutot que sur le cout d’acquisition du medicament.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".