THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE THROUGH MELTING OF A COMMERCIAL PHASE-CHANGE MATERIAL IN A HORIZONTAL CYLINDRICAL ANNULUS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A transient two-dimensional numerical model was developed to investigate the melting characteristics of an impure phase-change material (PCM) embedded between two concentric circular horizontal cylinders. The modeled transport equations were suitably nondimensionalized and were solved numerically in their primitive variables form on a staggered grid arrangement employing a control-volume finite difference method. The selected PCM melts over a temperature range. To easily account for the latter aspect in the model, an enthalpy-porosity–based fixed grid scheme was used to solve the convection-diffusion mushy region phase-change problem. The inner cylindrical tube was heated to a constant temperature by a heat transfer fluid while the outer tube was insulated. Timewise evolutions of the temperature distributions are presented. Various quantities such as the average Nusselt number over the inner tube surface, the total melt fraction, and the total cumulative stored energy, all as a function of the melting time, are reported for three inner wall temperatures and for an initially saturated solid PCM as well as for a subcooled condition of 10°C of the PCM. The predicted results show that the melting rate increases rapidly up to the melting time of about 41.18 min. After this time the melting rate increases but at a considerably slower rate. The storage of thermal energy increases with the increase of the inner wall temperature and initial temperature of the solid PCM. The energy charged is greatly influenced by the change of the inner tube wall temperature compared to the change of the initial solid PCM temperature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".