EVALUATION OF SOME NON-ELEMENTARY INTEGRALS INVOLVING SINE, COSINE, EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC INTEGRALS: PART I
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The non-elementary integrals \(\text{Si}_{\beta,\alpha}=\int [\sin{(\lambda x^\beta)}/(\lambda x^\alpha)] dx,\) \(\beta\ge1,\) \(\alpha\le\beta+1\) and \(\text{Ci}_{\beta,\alpha}=\int [\cos{(\lambda x^\beta)}/(\lambda x^\alpha)] dx,\) \(\beta\ge1,\) \(\alpha\le2\beta+1\), where \(\{\beta,\alpha\}\in\mathbb{R}\), are evaluated in terms of the hypergeometric functions \(_{1}F_2\) and \(_{2}F_3\), and their asymptotic expressions for \(|x|\gg1\) are also derived. The integrals of the form \(\int [\sin^n{(\lambda x^\beta)}/(\lambda x^\alpha)] dx\) and \(\int [\cos^n{(\lambda x^\beta)}/(\lambda x^\alpha)] dx\), where \(n\) is a positive integer, are expressed in terms \(\text{Si}_{\beta,\alpha}\) and \(\text{Ci}_{\beta,\alpha}\), and then evaluated. \(\text{Si}_{\beta,\alpha}\) and \(\text{Ci}_{\beta,\alpha}\) are also evaluated in terms of the hypergeometric function \(_{2}F_2\). And so, the hypergeometric functions, \(_{1}F_2\) and \(_{2}F_3\), are expressed in terms of \(_{2}F_2\). The exponential integral \(\text{Ei}_{\beta,\alpha}=\int (e^{\lambda x^\beta}/x^\alpha) dx\) where \(\beta\ge1\) and \(\alpha\le\beta+1\) and the logarithmic integral \(\text{Li}=\int_{\mu}^{x} dt/\ln{t}\), \(\mu>1\), are also expressed in terms of \(_{2}F_2\), and their asymptotic expressions are investigated. For instance, it is found that for \(x\gg2\), \(\text{Li}\sim {x}/{\ln{x}}+\ln{\left({\ln{x}}/{\ln{2}}\right)}-2- \ln{2}\hspace{.075cm} _{2}F_{2}(1,1;2,2;\ln{2})\), where the term \(\ln{\left({\ln{x}}/{\ln{2}}\right)}-2- \ln{2}\hspace{.075cm} _{2}F_{2}(1,1;2,2;\ln{2})\) is added to the known expression in mathematical literature \(\text{Li}\sim {x}/{\ln{x}}\). The method used in this paper consists of expanding the integrand as a Taylor and integrating the series term by term, and can be used to evaluate the other cases which are not considered here. This work is motivated by the applications of sine, cosine exponential and logarithmic integrals in Science and Engineering, and some applications are given.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".