Freshwater influence is associated with differences in bone mineral density and armour configuration in threespine stickleback (<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Threespine stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758) exhibit a well-documented reduction in plate number associated with adaptation to freshwater environments. We tested the hypothesis that changes in plate number are accompanied by changes in plate bone mineral density and plate shape, reflecting the presence of a complex plate “armour” phenotype and a complex adaptive response to different selective pressures in changing habitats. We used traditional and novel morphometric techniques to characterize armour traits from stickleback occupying three marine habitats and one tidally influenced freshwater stream in southwestern British Columbia. Stickleback inhabiting marine environments share a conserved plate phenotype that includes a full complement of highly mineralized plates that exhibit a characteristic density profile along the plate. Stickleback inhabiting tidally influenced fresh water display an average reduction in plate number along with increased variation in number and reduced total mineralization despite maintenance of a marine-like density profile. Further, we found that although mineralization and armour shape are correlated with size, after accounting for size variation in both traits remains attributable to habitat. Our results hint at an important role for development in structuring phenotypic variation during the process of adaptive change in stickleback.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".