A Longitudinal Investigation of Foreign Markets Entry and Survival in Family Firms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite the benefits of international expansion, family firms are commonly portrayed as being conservative, risk averse, and therefore unwilling to assume the risks associated with international markets. However, some scholars have argued and empirically shown that family firms can be better able than their non-family counterparts to take advantage of the opportunities associated with internationalization. Our longitudinal analyses of 1,054 Spanish manufacturing firms from 1999-2012 show that preoccupation with failure in family firms elicits resistance to cognitive simplification and directs attention toward comprehending signals and threats from the organization’s environment, thereby forming the basis for mindful foreign market entry decisions. Mindful internationalization choices, in turn, enable family firms to endure longer than their non-family counterparts in the broached foreign markets. Furthermore, poor performance and organizational slack enhance the positive effect of family firms’ mindfulness on continued operation in foreign markets. This paper contributes new insights that reconcile prior research on family firms’ internationalization and its outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".