A quarter of US adults with health insurance are underinsured, report finds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
About 31 million US adults who have health insurance still face such high out-of-pocket expenses or have such high deductibles that many struggle to pay their medical bills and forgo care because of cost, a new report says.1 Most Americans, more than 150 million, get their health insurance through their employers, and in recent years many companies have been shifting the cost of coverage to their employees in the form of higher deductibles and copayments. Insurance plans purchased by individuals also often have high out-of-pocket expenses and deductibles. For the new report the researchers, from the independent health policy foundation the Commonwealth Fund, looked at how many US adults with insurance faced such high out-of-pocket costs or deductibles—the amount they must pay before their insurer starts paying for care—that they were essentially “underinsured.” Data from the report came from the Commonwealth Fund’s biennial health insurance survey for 2014. Sara R Collins, the fund’s vice president for healthcare coverage and access, was the paper’s lead author. Collins and her colleagues considered respondents …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".