Absence of Adolescent Obesity in Grenada: Is This a Generational Effect?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: Low- and middle-income countries are affected disproportionately by the ongoing global obesity pandemic, for which ultra-processed foods have largely been attributed as a main contributor. As a low-income country, Grenada’s increased prevalence of obesity may coincide with the introduction of processed foods in the 2000s. The objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence of obesity among Grenadian adolescents and to determine if this population is experiencing an increased risk compared to their US counterparts alongside Grenadian adults. Methods: Using a subcohort of participants in the Grenadian Nutrition Student Survey, a food frequency questionnaire and anthropometric measures were collected from 55% of the classrooms of first year secondary students in Grenada (n=639). Rural or urban designations were given to each school. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated for each student, with BMI scores greater than 85th percentile classified as overweight and BMI scores over 95th percentile classified as obese, and a standardized BMI (BMIz) was calculated for each school. Multilevel models of students nested within schools were conducted to determine if BMIz differed by rural or urban locality. Results: The mean age of this cohort was 12.7 (SD=0.8) years with 83.8% of the cohort identifying as Afro-Caribbean. Grenadian adolescents had lower rates of overweight (females: 22.7% vs. 44.7%; males: 12.2% vs. 38.8%, respectively) and obesity (females: 8.2% vs. 26.1%; males: 6.8% vs. 25.4%, respectively) as compared to US counterparts. Females had nearly twice the prevalence of overweight when compared to males (22.7% vs. 12.2%) but a similar prevalence of obesity (8.2% versus 6.8%). Eating a traditional diet was negatively associated with BMIz score among the girls (β ̂= -0.395; SE=0.123) in a stratified, multilevel analysis. Conclusions: The study identified decreased prevalence of overweight and obesity in Grenadian adolescents compared with both their US counterparts and Grenadian adults. Adherence to a diet of traditional prepared foods was associated with lower BMIz scores among the females. Further research is needed in this population to determine whether a generational effect of increasing adolescent obesity will be observed in subsequent birth cohorts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".