Environmental implications of end pit lakes at oil sand mines in Alberta, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
End pit lakes are common at open-pit metal mines around the world and are part of mine closure plans. Those at oil sand mines are no different except that the end pit lakes will be considerably larger, with the area averaging about 4 km2 and reaching up to about 15 km2. In a major study on end pit lakes for oil sand mines, the Cumulative Environmental Management Association defines an oil sand end pit lake as ‘an engineered water body, located below grade in an oil sands post-mining pit’. It may contain oil sand by-product material and will receive surface and groundwater from surrounding reclaimed and undisturbed landscapes. End pit lakes will be permanent features in the final reclaimed landscape, discharging water to the downstream environment. As a permanent feature, the long-term environmental effect of such an oil sand deposit must be carefully designed and monitored. If the end pit lake contains an appreciable thickness of tailings, the consolidation of tailings may continue for many decades. The effects of groundwater leakage are analysed and modelled to show the potentially large amounts of seepage into the underlying stratigraphic units.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".