In Situ Remediation Method for Enhanced Sorption of Perfluoro-Alkyl Substances onto Ottawa Sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Perfluoro-alkyl substances (PFAS) have drawn increased concern in recent years. Due to resistance to many remediation methods and potential for long-range transport, there is need for continued in situ remediation technique development. One such method is enhanced sorption onto aquifer material, thereby sequestering a plume and preventing long-range migration. Batch tests and column studies were carried out to evaluate the ability of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDM) and polyamine (PA) to enhance the adsorption of six PFAS onto Ottawa sand. At a dosage of 2,000 mg/L of either PDM or PA, results show increases of adsorption of the tested PFAS in all batches by factors of 3.6–45. Column studies showed retention capacity increasing up to six times for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and 10 times for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). Normalizing partitioning coefficients from batch tests to fraction of organic carbon suggest that an interaction other than PFAS associating with organic matter may be the main driving force behind sorption enhancement. These results suggest that this method shows promise for in situ remediation of PFAS-contaminated groundwater.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".