Gimme Shelter: factors influencing juvenile sheltering in the red sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Many benthic marine invertebrates disperse during an obligate, planktonic larval phase and subsequent recruitment into the adult population is often unpredictable in both time and space. Thus, the common occurrence of juvenile sea urchins "sheltering " under adults is peculiar given that they possess a pe-lagic larval stage. An explanation for this pattern cannot be provided by models based on larval transport or larval settlement and it is most probable that post-settlement processes (i.e. behaviour and/or mortality of ju-veniles) influence this sheltering phenomenon. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the rela-tionship between juvenile sheltering in the red sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and three factors, water motion, risk of predation, and nutrition. Juvenile sea urchins (6.50 ± 0.11 mm TD; test diameter) in a laboratory aquarium exhibited a significant increase (p < 0.001) in the percentage of sheltering juveniles un-der high energy water conditions (speed, U = 3.22 cm/s) compared to low energy conditions (U = 1.71 cm/s). Likewise, the proportion of juveniles sheltering was significantly increased (p = 0.003) using water passed over a starved predator (Pycnopodia helianthoides). A nutritional benefit for sheltering was also evident in recently settled urchins (1.41 ± 0.02 mm TD), which had significant growth (p = 0.013) when provided with kelp (Macrocystis integrifolia) blades, whereas growth was not significantly different from controls when ur-chins were fed ground kelp or kelp processed by adults. These results indicate that juvenile movements re-lated to post-settlement processes is a possible mechanism to explain the association between juvenile and adult sea urchins.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".