Investigation and modelling of acoustic guided waves in steel grounding rods
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A circuit model is presented for a piezoelectric-based, pulse-echo method for detecting the presence of corrosion in grounding rods for power transmission substations. Our pulse-echo method uses an acoustic guided wave generated from a piezoelectric transducer that is sent down the length of the grounding rod. The wave travels down the rod, reflects off the end and travels back to the piezo transducer. The wave's signature is recorded using a Data Acquisition System. The structural integrity of the rod can then be characterized based on the nature of the reflected wave. A SPICE model of the system based on Leach's model has been developed and tested. The electro-acoustic circuit model of the system can predict the overall behavior of the system. A symmetrically driven pair of steel rods was used to demonstrate that the model reproduces the main features of the signal. Defect detection was demonstrated in steel rods containing simulated defects and also in recovered grounding electrodes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".