The Troubles with Identity: The Role of Identity & Its Impact on Conflict Resolution in Northern Ireland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While open hostilities in Northern Ireland ceased with the 1998 Belfast Agreement, the agreement itself did not succeed in mitigating the antagonistic relationship between nationalist Catholics and unionist Protestants. It is the central contention of this paper that the consociational nature and scope of the agreement actually contributed to the consolidation of cleavages and the reinscription of existing identities in Northern Ireland, because of consociationalism’s emphasis on elite democracy. While many scholars thus argue for a more transformative approach, which seeks to change conflict structures and crosscut cleavages on a grassroots level, this paper will argue that the identities in Northern Ireland are so deeply entrenched and defined in contrast to each other, that such approaches are both futile and ineffective. Transformative approaches are thus hindered by the nature of the antagonistic identities in Northern Ireland and their relations to each other, as well as by the advancement of elite-driven consociational democracy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.027 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.018 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.015 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".