Sex differences in the association between apolipoprotein E ε4 allele and Alzheimer's disease markers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Introduction We determined whether the effect of apolipoprotein E (APOE)‐ε4 genotype on Alzheimer's disease (AD) markers differs in men and women across AD stages. Methods Among normal control (NC) participants (N = 702) and participants with mild cognitive impairment (N = 576) and AD (N = 305), we examined the associations of sex and APOE‐ε4 carrier status with cortical amyloid‐β (Aβ) burden, hippocampal volume ratio (HpVR; hippocampal volume/intracranial volume × 103), brain glucose metabolism, and verbal memory. Results In NC, APOE‐ε4 related to greater Aβ burden and poorer verbal memory across sex but to smaller HpVR and hypometabolism in men only. In mild cognitive impairment, APOE‐ε4 related to smaller HpVR, hypometabolism, greater Aβ burden, and poorer verbal memory across sex. In AD, APOE‐ε4 related to greater Aβ burden in men only and smaller HpVR across sex and showed no association with hypometabolism or verbal memory. Discussion Sex differences in the association between APOE‐ε4 and AD markers vary by disease stage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".