Bibliographic record
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a primary disorder of neural induction and patterning of the rostral neural tube resulting in noncleavage of the forebrain with failure to form two separate distinct hemispheres. The spectrum of HPE is very broad and encompasses various neuropathological phenotypes of different severity. The recent literature has demonstrated that the phenotypic variability of HPE ranges from aprosencephaly-atelencephaly, at the most severe end, to milder forms such as the "middle interhemispheric variant" of HPE at the less severe end of the spectrum. Between them, different intermediate forms demonstrate a continuum in a wide phenotypic spectrum rather than well-defined categories. Although the term "HPE" suggests a disorder affecting only the prosencephalon, other brain structures are involved, underlining the complexity of the malformation. Because of close spatiotemporal interactions and common signaling pathways contributing to the development of both brain and face, concomitant facial and ocular anomalies are associated with brain malformation. In this review, the characteristic neuropathological features of the various forms of HPE are described as well as their associated brain, face, and ocular malformations, to delineate the different phenotypes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".