“My Home Is on Both Sides”: Indigenous Communities and the US-Canadian Border on the Columbia Plateau, 1880s–1910s
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract For indigenous groups inhabiting the interior Pacific Northwest’s Columbia Plateau, issues of native group identity took on a transnational dimension with the imposition of the US-Canadian border in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This article examines how the Okanagan, Sinixt, and Ktunaxa peoples, whose homelands and communities were bifurcated by the forty-ninth parallel, negotiated and complicated Canada’s and the United States’ enforcement of the international boundary. These partitioned indigenous communities endeavored to maintain cultural connections to each other across the line while also engaging their recognized political status within the bounds of either nation-state. Focusing on the activities of Native Plateau peoples in the borderlands reestablishes the persistence of indigenous articulations of territory and nationhood that transcended the US-Canadian border.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".