Multiphase periodic pressure difference boundary condition enhanced by a proportional‐integral‐derivative controller for the lattice Boltzmann method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary A new pressure difference boundary condition between a pair of inlet and outlet boundaries in an immiscible multiphase periodic flow is introduced. This boundary condition is globally mass conservative and makes use of a simple proportional‐integral‐derivative controller to accurately control the pressure difference. For a droplet/bubble that crosses the outlet to reenter at the inlet of a periodic slit flow, the stability and accuracy of the boundary condition are numerically studied for a wide range of flow conditions. A visualization of a droplet crossing the outlet boundary provides qualitative evidence that the boundary condition works effectively. More importantly, quantitative results also confirm that the targeted average pressure difference is adequately set and that the total momentum in the pressure drop direction is nearly constant (which is what is expected from a perfect multiphase periodic pressure difference boundary condition). This new type of multiphase boundary condition is expected to open up new avenues to simulate complex interfacial multiphase systems using the lattice Boltzmann method.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".