A 100-MS/s–5-GS/s, 13–5-bit Nyquist-Rate Reconfigurable Time-Domain ADC
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a 65-nm CMOS Nyquist-rate reconfigurable time-based analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The time-domain nature of the ADC allows for efficient hardware reuse and a wide range of reconfigurability. The ADC employs a reconfigurable time-to-digital converter (TDC) that can be configured as a high-resolution 1-ps correlated double sampling SAR-TDC for the high-resolution modes or as a$4\times $asynchronous time-interleaved flash-TDC for the high sampling rate modes. The Nyquist-rate ADC supports continuous sampling rate variations from 100 MS/s to 5 GS/s providing 13–5-bit resolution with exponential power scaling from 8.4 to 22.3 mW, respectively. A programmable highly linear 1-bit folded voltage-controlled oscillator is employed to provide the appropriate tuning characteristics for different sampling rate modes with high linearity. The ADC linearity is further enhanced using foreground digital calibration achieving figure-of-merit ranging from 14.6 to 196 fJ/conv.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".