National surveillance for non-polio enteroviruses in Canada: Why is it important?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A widespread outbreak of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) was detected in association with respiratory illness in children across Canada and the United States during the autumn of 2014. The majority of cases were mild, but some were associated with more severe illness requiring hospitalization; some of the cases also had neurological symptoms including paralysis, and three deaths were reported in British Columbia. EV-D68 is one of many enteroviruses that include Coxsackieviruses, echovirusesand polio virus. Other than polio virus, there are no vaccines available for the prevention of enterovirus infections, nor are there any antiviral medications that have been approved for their treatment. More than 46 different serotypes have been identified to be circulating in Canada over the last 25 years. Until 2014, EV-D68 was rare. Routine genotyping surveillance done by Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) identified only 85 isolates of EV-D68 between 1991 and 2013, while 282 were detected between July and October 2014. The complexity of the epidemiology of these enteroviruses demonstrates the need for genotype surveillance, to detect outbreaks spatially and temporally, to determine their relative incidence and impact on the population, and to investigate evolutionary trends, such as recombination events, that are thought to play an important part in strain variation and emergence of epidemic strains. In particular, it is important to carry out virological testing on unusual cases of paralysis in children, and to genotype and sequence any viruses identified. Submission of specimens (virus cultures, stool, cerebrospinal fluid or respiratory specimens) from any such cases to the National Centre for Enteroviruses at NML is encouraged.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".