Accounting for Level Decline in the Dead Sea: Land Use and Land Cover Changes, 1984–2015
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The main goal of this paper is to study the effects of the recent decline of the Dead Sea surface level by −39 m within the study period, based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land use/land cover (LULC) changes during the period 1984–2015 using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), and ETM, images acquired in May 2015. All images were adjusted using radiometric correction, geometric correction, image enhancement and masking. The results indicate the following: (1) NDVI analysis explained the patterns of adjustment to the new base level; (2) LULC classification showed that significant changes occurred during the study period, and five classes were distinguishable as: the southern dry basin (evaporation ponds) by17km2, the surface water bodies (mainly the Dead Sea), decreased by −34km2, exposed area increased by 20 km2, vegetated area increased by 9 km2. The rate of urban changes between 1984, 2003 and 2015 was calculated; it is indicated that the rate of urban growth was 30 km2. The paper ...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".