Age and gender distribution and prevalence of influenza and parainfluenza viral infections in a selected sample of children with acute respiratory tract infections in Sri Lanka
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are the major cause of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide. ARTIs are responsible for at least six percent of the world's disability and death. Viruses are the most common infective agents causing ARTIs. The purpose of this study was to determine the viral aetiology, age and gender distribution of ARTIs among children admitted to a General Hospital in Sri Lanka. Methods & Materials: From May 2016 to July 2017, 340 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) and clinical data were collected from children with ≤4 days’ history of ARTI from a General Hospital, Sri Lanka. Samples were tested using immunofluorescence assay (IFA) (D3 UltraTM, USA). Results: Of the 340 NPA tested, influenza virus was detected in 45/340 (13.23%) from which 20/45 (44.44%) were influenza A and 25/45 (55.56%) were influenza B. Parainfluenza virus (PIV) was detected in 40/340 (11.76%) of the children. Of these, 1/40 (2.5%) was PIV-1, 7/40 (17.5%) were PIV-2 and 32/40 (80%) were PIV-3 infections. Of the 20 influenza A cases, 10 were males and 10 were females, Of the 25 influenza B cases, 15 were males and 10 were females. Of the 32 PIV-3 cases, 18 were males and 14 were females: of the 7 PIV-2 cases, 4 were males and 3 were females and the only PIV-1 case was a female. Influenza A & B and PIV cases were predominantly detected among 6-20 months and 1-10 months age categories, respectively. Of the 17 children infected with Influenza A, 9 were diagnosed with LRTI, 8 had bronchiolitis. Of the 20 infected with Influenza B, 16 were diagnosed with bronchiolitis and 4 had bronchopneumonia. Of the 32 infected with PIV-3, 23 had mild to moderate bronchiolitis, 7 had LRTI and 2 had bronchopneumonia and the one infected with PIV-1 and 2 had mild to moderate bronchiolitis. Conclusion: ARTI among boys are high compared to girls and viral infection is high among children aged below 20 months. Majority of children infected with influenza and PIV were diagnosed with LRTI and mild to moderate bronchiolitis. Identifying the aetiology of ARTI would be valuable to minimize the irrational use of antibiotics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".