Isolation and characterization of lignin extracted from corn stalk rind with organic acids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lignin was extracted from corn stalk rind with organic acids based on the concept of biorefinery. The optimum conditions for precipitating lignin from the concentrated spent liquor of the biorefinery process were achieved at pH of 1.68-1.72 by the addition of water. Considerable amount of sugars, uronic acids and proteins were found in the isolated lignin, which had acid-endurable linkages with lignin. The lignin was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), 13 C Nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13 C NMR) and Gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The phenolic hydroxyl and carboxyl group contents of the lignin were measured to be 0.45 mmol/g and 0.41 mmol/g, respectively. The lignin of corn stalk rind was found to be of guaiacyl (G), syringyl (S) and p-hydroxyphenyl (H) lignin. Acetylation and condensation reactions occurred during the biorefinery process. ρ-coumaric acids were found to be esterified with lignin, whereas ferulic acids were mainly linked to lignin by phenolic groups via ether bonds. The weight-average and number-average molecular weight of the lignin were 2830 g/mol and 994 g/mol, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".