Cathodic modification of stainless steels with ruthenium: a review of recent advances in making the cheaper option cheaper
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Corrosion resistance of stainless steels is significantly compromised in oxygen-deficient environments, leading to limited service life as well as unsatisfactory performance of the structures made of these alloys. Cathodic modification with ruthenium has been demonstrated to remarkably improve the corrosion resistance of stainless steels in reducing acidic media, even in the presence of an abrasive suspension. Although ruthenium is several times cheaper than other platinum group metals (PGMs), alloying with ruthenium remains prohibitively more expensive than alloying with conventional, although less effective, metals. A number of strategies have been explored to reduce the amount of ruthenium required to cathodically modify stainless steels in a bid to make this cheaper option much cheaper and thus increase the cost-benefits of using these alloys. Some of the strategies include partially substituting ruthenium with cheaper metals, as well as introducing the PGM as a surface alloy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".