Probing the viability of palladium‐challenged bacterial cells using flow cytometry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND The ability of bacterial cells to retain membrane integrity and membrane potential when challenged with palladium (II) solution has not being examined previously, which would provide a platform towards the bio‐fabrication of a multifunctional tandem bio‐nanoparticles. This study investigates the use of flow cytometry coupled with fluorescent probes to determine membrane integrity and membrane potential of cells of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and Bacillus benzeovorans challenged with 1 mmol L −1 of sodium tetrachloropalladate (II) (Na 2 PdCl 4 ) solution at pH 2 followed by reduction of palladium (II) (Pd(II)) with formate to give 1 wt% loading of Pd(0) on the cells. RESULTS Fluorescently labelled active bacterial cells retained over 80% of membrane potential when challenged with Pd(II) solutions except for Bacillus benzeovorans (Bb) with about 32% retention. Cell viability was also seen to be variable and strain‐dependent while dead cells lack any membrane integrity. Since esterase activity is energy independent and unable to confirm the membrane potential of the bacterial cells, the dye 3,3′‐dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide [DiO 6 (3)] was used to determine and confirm the membrane potential of the bacterial cells. CONCLUSION The results revealed that since fluorescently labelled bacterial cells containing Pd(0) can retain metabolic activity when analysed with flow cytometry, it provides the potential for combining chemical catalysis with biochemical activity in reactions that require metabolic synergy. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".