South Asian and Muslim Canadian Patients are less Likely to Receive Living Donor Kidney Transplant offers Compared to Caucasian, Non-Muslim Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD) who belong to ethnocultural minorities are less likely to receive Living Donor Kidney Transplant (LDKT) compared to Caucasian patients. However, no studies have assessed whether Muslim Canadians face similar barriers to accessing LDKT. We explored how frequently Muslim or South Asian patients with ESKD receive LDKT offers and if they had a potential living donor (LD) identified and how this compares to Caucasian patients. Methods We used a cross-sectional, convenience sample of ESKD patients over 18 years of age from several hospitals in the Greater Toronto Area. Non-English speaking patients and patients unwilling to consent were excluded. Based on self-identified religious affiliation and ethnicity patients were grouped as: 1) Muslims 2) Caucasian, Non-Muslims 3) South Asian, Non-Muslims 4) Non-Caucasian, Non-Muslims. Patients were asked whether anyone had offered to be a living donor for them and if they had a LD identified (outcome variables). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association between religion/ethnicity and outcome variables in STATA14. Results Out of 367 participants 5% (18) were Muslim, 37% (134) Caucasian, non-Muslim and 12% (44) South Asian, non-Muslim. The mean (±SD) age was 58(±13) years, 60%(221) were male. Muslim patients tended to be younger in comparison to Caucasian, non-Muslims (53[±14] versus 58[±14] years, p=0.074). Compared to Caucasian, Non-Muslims, Muslim patients tended to be less likely to report receiving an offer for living donation (OR=0.47, CI: 0.17-1.30, P=0.147), although the association was significant only after adjusting for age, gender, and education (OR=0.32, CI: 0.11-0.96, P=0.043). South Asian, Non-Muslims, in comparison to Caucasian, Non-Muslims, also seemed to be less likely to report receiving an offer for living donation (OR=0.64, CI: 0.32-1.25, P=0.190). The association tended to be significant after adjusting for age, gender, and education (OR=0.48, CI: 0.23-1.01, P=0.052). Qualitatively similar results were seen for “having a potential living donor identified” in both groups. Discussion Muslim patients with ESKD are less likely to receive a living kidney donation offer than Caucasian, Non-Muslims. A similar trend was seen for South Asian non-Muslims. An unclear understanding of the Islamic perspective on organ donation and additional cultural or religious factors may contribute to the observed inequity. Limitations in this study are the small number of Muslim and South Asian patients, and cross-sectional design. Conclusion Muslim and South Asian patients with ESKD are less likely to receive a living kidney donation offer compared to Caucasian, Non-Muslims. These patients are, therefore, less likely to receive a LDKT. Culturally competent education may help to reduce these inequities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".