Review of Molinaro's An Exceptional Law: Section 98 and the Emergency State, 1919-1936
Bibliographic record
Abstract
From the most basic forms of petty criminality to complex structures of organized crime and terrorism, governments across Western liberal democracies are adopting more preemptive interventions aimed at preventing crimes before their manifestation.Dennis Molinaro's An Exceptional Law: Section 98 and the Emergency State, 1919State, -1936 focuses on the important question of how prevention has become a raison d'être of modern governance in Canada.An in-depth and nuanced historical account, An Exceptional Law presents a wonderful exploration of how "emergency powers" became "normalized" in the Canadian public sphere's approach to political dissent.The central focus for this social historian is Section 98 of the Criminal Code of Canada, which, passed in 1919 as a response to the Winnipeg general strike, targeted "unlawful associations" in the name of emergency and security.In his examination of Canada's legal experimentation between the World Wars, Molinaro illustrates the historical foundation of legislation that continues to impact political "radicals," immigrants, and civil society organizations, and uncovers the Canadian context of insecurity that has made modern political dissent increasingly difficult.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.016 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".