Optimal Energy Management of a Parallel Hybrid Truck for Fuel Consumption Comparative Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fuel consumption is a critical issue of hybrid vehicles, especially the heavy-duty ones. Studies on energy saving ability considering different power and energy capabilities of the electrical components are therefore of interest. This paper aims to compare the maximal fuel saving of the hybrid truck with different hybridizations. Modeling, control, and energy management of the system are carried out using Energetic Macroscopic Representation formalism. Dynamic programming is employed as a global optimization-based strategy for energy management of the vehicle. An 8.5-ton parallel hybrid truck primarily driven by a 147-kW internal combustion engine is under study. Simulation results point out a preferred hybridization option by using a 120-kW electrical machine supplied by a 19.4-kWh Li-ion battery pack. A respective 21.6% reduction of fuel consumption is reported for USA FTP Highway driving cycle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".