On the Design of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math> </inline-formula>th-Order Polyphase All-Pass Filters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A structure for nth-order polyphase all-pass filters (PAFs) is proposed that improves the tradeoff between output phase accuracy and filter loss. The filter also has a well-defined input impedance, which is independent of the phase accuracy and can generate the exact desired phase at n distinct frequencies. The proposed structure along with its design approach is analyzed. The design procedure to design a second, third, and fourth-order PAFs is presented. It is shown that by increasing the order of the PAF structure, one can either improve the phase accuracy of the structure over the same bandwidth of interest or achieve the same phase accuracy over a wider bandwidth. Practical design considerations, including the effect of the parasitic capacitances, component tolerance, and inductor quality factors on the output amplitude imbalance and input impedance, are analyzed and discussed. As a proof-of-concept, experimental results are presented to show that the fourth-order structure is able to generate quadrature signals at four distinct frequencies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".