Doxorubicin‐loaded polyphosphate glass microspheres for transarterial chemoembolization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The standard of care for intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma is transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Drug‐eluting bead TACE (DEB‐TACE) has emerged as a leading form of TACE, as it uses highly calibrated microspheres to deliver consistent embolization and controlled drug release to the tumor microenvironment. We report here on doxorubicin (DOX)‐loaded polyphosphate glass microspheres (PGM) as a novel resorbable, radiopaque, preloaded DEB‐TACE platform. Coacervate composed of polyphosphate chains complexed with Ba 2+ , Ca 2+ , and Cu 2+ can be loaded with DOX prior to PGM synthesis, with PGM production achieved using a water‐in‐oil emulsion technique at room temperature yielding highly spherical particles in clinically relevant size fractions. In vitro, DOX release was found to be linear, pH dependent, and in accordance with Type II non‐Fickian transport. PGM degradation was characterized by an initial burst release of degradation products over 7 days, followed by a plateau in mass loss at approximately 75% over a period of several weeks. in vitro studies indicate that PGM degradation products, namely Cu 2+ , are cytotoxic and may interact with eluted DOX to impair its pharmacological activity. With additional compositional considerations, this approach may prove promising for DEB‐TACE applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".