Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease and one of the most common movement disorders.1,2,3 The overall prevalence of PD is 1.4%.Prevalence increases with age; for those between 55 and 64 years, it is 0.4%, and 4.3% for those aged above 85 years.4 According to the general practitioners' registration system, there were almost 29,000 patients diagnosed with Parkinsonism, including Parkinson's disease, in the Netherlands in 2011.Males are more frequently affected than females, i.e. 2.01 and 1.47 per 1000 respectively.5 It is likely that the total number of patients with Parkinsonism in general population will be 2 to 2.5 times higher because of under-registration.5 Because of demographic trends in Western countries, the prevalence may increase at 76% for men and 44% for women till the year 2030, due to aging and growth of our population.5 Pathogenesis PD is characterized by progressive loss of dopamine producing neurons in mainly the substantia nigra in association with the presence of Lewy bodies in surviving neurons.3,6 The pathology is, however, more widespread than this specific area and neural system, involving many areas of the brain, including the midbrain and neocortex and even other organs.7,8,9 Despite much research as to the pathogenesis of PD, the exact cause is still unknown.1,3,10 Different processes such as autophagy, mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, inflammation, and protein mishandling may contribute to the disease.1,10 Although several causative genes have been discovered, the vast majority of the patients seem to have sporadic PD. 1,3,11 Next to this, there are both nonmodifiable (as age and gender) and modifiable environmental factors (as smoking and coffee consumption) that may influence the disease process.1,11 Diagnosis PD is a clinical diagnosis, as there are no biological markers or radiological findings during life that prove the diagnosis.3,8 Differentiating this hypokinetic-rigid syndrome from other Parkinsonian syndromes can be difficult.12 The correct diagnosis can be confirmed only after death by postmortem pathological research.8 According to the UK Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank clinical diagnostic criteria, the patient should have bradykinesia and at least one of the following: muscular rigidity, rest tremor (4-6Hz), and/or postural instability not caused by primary visual, vestibular, or proprioceptive dysfunction.8 Supportive for the diagnosis are unilateral onset, presence of rest tremor, progressive course, persisting asymmetry, excellent response to levodopa treatment, severe levodopa-induced chorea, levodopa response for at least 5 years, and a clinical course of more than 10 years.8
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".