A Compact, Voltage-Mode Type-I PLL With Gain-Boosted Saturated PFD and Synchronous Peak Tracking Loop Filter
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite their inherent stability, area-efficient loop filters, and insensitivity to phase-frequency detector nonlinearity and dead-zone, type-I phase-locked loops (PLLs) are used infrequently because of two major limitations-limited lock-range and large reference spurs. This paper introduces a type-I PLL that takes advantage of the inherent benefits of the architecture, while tackling its limitations by means of gain boosting in the forward path for lock-range improvement and synchronous peak tracking of the voltage-controlled oscillator control voltage for reference spur reduction. Sampling in the loop filter changes the loop dynamics, and methods to accurately predict the closed-loop response, starting from state-space equations, are provided. A digital-friendly, voltage-mode topology is proposed that does not need charge pumps or opamps. A prototype 2.2-2.8-GHz PLL occupies a core area of 0.12 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in 0.13-μm CMOS and achieves -103.4 dBc/Hz in-band phase noise, -65-dBc reference spur, and 2.5-μs worst-case lock-time while consuming 6.8 mW from a 1.2-V supply.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".