Determination of the Temperature Distribution of a Substrate Exposed to a Moving Cold or Thermal Spray Heat Source
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A three-dimensional transient heat conduction model was developed to evaluate analytically the surface temperature profile of substrates that were exposed to the impingement of a moving time-dependent heat source such as a cold spray nozzle or thermal spray torch. The estimated surface temperature profile was compared to the experimental results of the surface temperature of an aluminium substrate under impingement of a moving air jet generated by a low-pressure cold spray system. Close agreement between the analytical model and the experimental data was found. It was also found that the velocity of the moving heat source significantly affected both the profile and maximum temperature of the substrate. A non-dimensional characteristic velocity was defined and considered to take into account the effect of the velocity of the moving heat source, to broaden the application of the model to a wide range of materials and conditions. It was found that as the non-dimensional characteristic velocity increased, the thermal energy that was conducted into the substrate decreased. It was concluded that, with knowledge of the characteristic velocity, the analytical model was capable of predicting the spatial and temporal surface temperature of the substrate exposed to a moving heat source produced by spray nozzles and torches.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".