Investigation of Acoustic Waves in the Ionosphere Generated by a Deep Convection System Using Distributed Networks of GPS Receivers and Numerical Modeling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Acoustic waves generated in the lower atmosphere may become an important source of variability in the upper atmosphere. Although excited with small amplitudes compared to gravity waves, they are minimally subjected to viscous dissipation and may reach large amplitudes at F region altitudes. We present total electron content data from a dense network of ground‐based GPS receivers during an outbreak of severe weather over Kansas on 26 May 2016. The results show annular traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) propagating radially outward from the center of the storm. The TID characteristics were consistent with acoustic waves in the infrasonic range. We have modeled the disturbance by including a heat source representing latent heat release from a large thunderstorm. The modeled disturbance at ionospheric altitudes resembles the TIDs in terms of phase speed, frequency, and horizontal wavelength. We conclude that the observed TIDs were caused by an acoustic wave generated by deep convection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".