Elucidating the Failure Mechanisms of Perovskite Solar Cells in Humid Environments Using In Situ Grazing-Incidence Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The main downfall of perovskite solar cells is that they degrade rapidly when exposed to heat, light, and moisture. Although previous work has elucidated the decomposition pathways of lead halide perovskites, there has been little direct insight into how perovskite decomposition affects device performance. Therefore, in order to better understand this correlation, we performed in situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) measurements on methylammonium lead iodide solar cells. We show that the formation of hydrate phases is not the most important device degradation pathway; rather, as water penetrates the cell, the mobility of iodide ions increases, leading to corrosion of the metallic top contact. Furthermore, the work reveals a temperature dependence to the perovskite decomposition pathway, with higher temperatures suppressing the formation of both intermediates and byproducts. The work suggests that the rigorous exclusion of moisture and the design of corrosion-resistant electrodes may help produce longer-lived perovskite solar cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".