Characterization of Range and Time Performance of Indoor GNSS Signals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Small cells are now widely used to provide indoor wireless services and are gaining further importance as technology enablers for emerging applications. These techniques rely on accurate synchronization of signals broadcast from neighboring base stations. Therefore, the latters must have access to reliable and accurate time reference. GNSS signals can be used to provide a reliable global time reference in open sky conditions. However, owing to low levels of signals indoors, the detection and processing of these signals and obtaining an accurate time indoors are still a challenge. It is assumed that accurate position estimates are known for indoor static applications which are obtained either using GNSS or other indoor positioning technologies. Under this assumption, fine timing solution can be provided with reliable single satellite information. As such this paper characterizes GPS based measurement and timing accuracies for indoor signals. This study specifically focuses on assessing range and timing accuracies for static indoor locations. Actual GPS data was collected at two indoor sites having different indoor characteristics for duration of more than ten minutes at each site. Assuming a known user position, measurement accuracies are analyzed over time while simultaneously observing received signal power. Ranging (timing) accuracy in the order of 10 m (30 ns) was achievable for the indoor scenarios considered. Finally, to assess the capability of indoor measurements to sustain good time synchronization accuracy over a longer duration, two-minute data segments were collected at intervals of 30 minutes for three hours. The time variations of the pseudorange (time) and position errors are studied.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".