Experimental Investigation on the Motion of Particle Cloud in Viscous Fluids
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the dynamics of particle clouds in viscous fluids. Different shapes of frontal head and trailing stems were observed, and particle clouds were classified using data mining methodology. The stability of the frontal head of particle clouds was found to be correlated with the nozzle diameter and mass of sand particles in the form of an initial aspect ratio. The formation of particle clusters into a torus and the split of the frontal head into two or three clusters were investigated in detail. The cluster of particles flow through viscous fluid experienced partial separation due to the release of air bubbles from the rear of frontal head. It was observed that the time and location of major particle separation increase linearly with the aspect ratio. The oscillatory motion of the frontal head, caused by an uneven release of air bubbles from the rear of the frontal head, was found to be correlated with the initial aspect ratio. Both amplitude and wavelength exhibited a linear relationship with nondimensional time. The average drag coefficient of particle clouds Cd in viscous fluids was calculated for different aspect ratios, and the results were compared with the drag coefficient of individual particles. It was found that the averaged drag coefficients of particle clouds were smaller than the drag coefficient of individual particles, and Cd slightly increases with the increasing initial aspect ratio.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it