Design and evaluation of an instrumented floor tile for measuring older adults’ cardiac function at home
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Home monitoring of chronic diseases among older adults has been the focus of recent research as early detection of adverse events allows better management.Conventional medical devices require active engagement from the users, making it difficult to implement for people who have challenges with using technology, such as people with cognitive impairment.While smart homes are a promising emerging approach to tackle this challenge, related technologies are still cumbersome to use.In response to this challenge, we present a zero-effort instrumented floor tile that could be permanently installed in a bathroom or kitchen to measure a person's ballistocardiogram (BCG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals as part of a smart home system.Methods The floor tile contained four load cells in a Wheatstone bridge configuration to measure BCG while standing and four electrodes to measure ECG while sitting.Both the BCG and ECG were amplified by 100dB and had rails of -9V to +9V.BCG and ECG from the tile were sampled at 128Hz.To validate the device, data were collected from 60 healthy adults in various sitting and standing scenarios.The ECG and BCG obtained from the tile compared to RR-intervals (time duration between two successive ECG R-peaks) and heartrate obtained from chest ECG collected with (gold standard) gelbased electrodes.The RJ-interval (time duration between the ECG R-peak and the highest peak in the BCG signal called the J-peak) was also examined for an induced change in blood pressure.Results The ECG signal measured from the tile in the sitting position had 89% agreement with the gold standard ECG.Heart rate based on BCG had an error of 1.8 ± 4.3% compared to that of the gold standard ECG.The RJ-interval was reduced postinduced blood pressure change and returned to the baseline after a few seconds, which is comparable to the literature.Conclusions The prototype tile presented in this work shows promising results as a zero-effort component in a smart home vitals monitoring system.With further modification and addition of intelligent algorithms, we believe the tile presented could collect ECG and BCG from older adults in a non-clinical setting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".