Bibliographic record
Abstract
MARKET DEMAND After a rocky start to the year, by the third quarter leading US paint producer PPG Industries noted that overall coatings sales volumes had increased, as industrial and packaging coatings outpaced other markets and architectural coatings grew in North America. [...]consumers are growing increasingly concerned about the content of food and cosmetics, and following public pressure in 2015, two major bakery chains, Panera Bread and Dunkin' Donuts, announced they were ditching TiO2 as an ingredient from their baked goods. Last year, the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses) sent a proposal to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) to classify TiO2 as a category 1B carcinogen. 1A or B carcinogen classification could have significant implications under the EU's Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation, as substances in these categories are restricted in consumer applications. IM sources have expressed confidence in continued...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.029 | 0.019 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".