A −195 dBc/Hz FoM<sub>T</sub> 20.8-to-28-GHz LC VCO with Transformer-Enhanced 30% Tuning Range in 65-nm CMOS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Low quality factor (Q) of varactors and increased ratio of parasitic capacitance to total tank capacitance impede the design of high-frequency voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) that must attain wide frequency tuning range (FTR) and low phase noise (PN). We propose a VCO topology which instead of directly connecting a varactor to the oscillator core, leverages a transformer to magnetically couple the varactor to the core. This approach increases the tuning range of the varactor by doubling the bias range, further reduces the parasitic capacitance seen by the varactor, and boosts the resonator tank Q due to impedance transformation. Thus, both PN and FTR are improved simultaneously. Measurement results for the prototype VCO implemented in 65-nm CMOS show an FTR of 29.8% from 20.77 to 28.02 GHz while consuming 12.65 to 15.12 mW. A PN of -106.6 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset and an FoM T of -195 dBc/Hz are attained.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".